Engineering
Erosional Velocity for Gas-Liquid Multiphase Flow @ Neutrium.net
February 4, 2015The flow of a gas-liquid multiphase system may cause erosion if velocities are high. This article presents an empirical relationship for estimating whether erosion will occur in a system at a certain velocity.
Joukowsky Equation @ Neutrium.net
November 14, 2014The Joukowsky equation is a method of determining the surge pressures that will be experienced in a fluid piping system. When a fluid in motion is forced to either stop or change direction suddenly a pressure wave will be generated and propagated through the fluid. This pressure wave is commonly referred to as fluid hammer (also known as water hammer, surge or hydraulic shock) and typically occurs in piping systems when a valve is suddenly closed, isolating the line. The resultant surge pressures are complex to characterise but for simple systems they may be calculated using the Joukowsky equation.
Flow in Open Channels and Partially Filled Pipes @ Neutrium.net
October 29, 2014The transport of fluid under gravity is often achieved using partially filled pipes, channels, flumes, ditches and streams. To determine the slope and elevation change required or the flow rate that is achievable one must be able to calculate the head loss and friction factor. This article provides relationships for the calculation of head loss and friction factor for fluids flowing via these conduits.
Manning Characteristic Roughness @ Neutrium.net
October 29, 2014The Manning Characteristic Roughness is used to characterise the surfaces over which water can flow in streams, channels, ditches and flumes. This article presents a reference of roughness values for many common materials of construction for channels and natural formations of streams.
Mach Number @ Neutrium.net
October 22, 2014The Mach number is the ratio of the relative velocity of a fluid to the local speed of sound. This article provides the equation for the calculation of the Mach number and a discussion of its uses.
Speed of Sound in Fluids and Fluid in Pipes @ Neutrium.net
October 22, 2014This article provides the formulae for the calculation of speed of sound in fluids and fluid filled circular pipes. The speed of sounds is important in piping systems for the calculation of choked flow for gases and pressure transient analysis of liquid filled systems.
Bulk Modulus of Elasticity of Liquids @ Neutrium.net
October 17, 2014The bulk modulus or elasticity is a measure of the resistance to compression of a substance. This article presents the bulk modulus for various liquids.
Pressure Loss in Hoses @ Neutrium.net
October 2, 2014The Pressure loss through a hose is often approximated using coarse heuristics, but utilization of more accurate correlations increase the efficiency of pump and piping designs. This article presents more accurate methods to estimate the pressure loss in various type of hoses using multiples of the pipe length. Methods of estimating pressure loss caused by couplings, curves and coiled hose are also detailed.
Exponent Laws @ Neutrium.net
September 4, 2014Algebraic expressions can often be simplified and subsequently solved through the use of the exponent laws (also called laws of indices or power laws). These laws allow an equation to be manipulated into a form which provides enhanced readability or opens up potential simplifications and substitutions. This article provides a reference for these laws.
Surge Analysis of Piping Systems
July 22, 2014Pressure transients (aka water hammer) can be predicted, minimized and mitigated with not only hardware changes but optimisation of control and trip strategy.